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- BOOKS, Page 67The Making of Landslide Lyndon
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- By PAUL GRAY
-
- MEANS OF ASCENT
- by Robert A. Caro
- Knopf; 506 pages; $24.95
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- Good histories bestow suspense on foregone conclusions. Such
- works manage to override knowledge about how things turned out;
- they do so by recapturing the tensions and uncertainties of the
- participants while the outcome was in doubt. That Lyndon Baines
- Johnson, for example, became the 36th President will surprise
- no one now. But readers of Robert Caro's Means of Ascent are
- in for a white-knuckle, hair-raising tale that could have ended
- in any of a dozen different ways, with L.B.J. in the White
- House the longest shot of all. This is good history, and with
- a vengeance.
-
- The second installment of Caro's projected four-volume
- biography The Years of Lyndon Johnson focuses on a mere seven
- years of its subject's life, but they were crucial ones. In a
- 1941 election marked by redolent voting irregularities on both
- sides, Johnson narrowly lost his bid for the Senate. L.B.J. and
- his aides knew their opponent had snookered them ("He stole
- more votes than we did, that's all") and vowed never to be
- outcheated again.
-
- But the chance to campaign again for the Senate would elude
- him until 1948; in the meantime he was stymied, chafing at his
- comparative powerlessness as a Congressman. He was also made
- uncomfortable by his promise to Texas voters to volunteer for
- combat if war was declared. After Pearl Harbor, Johnson did ask
- for a leave of absence from the House, but he did not dash into
- battle. Caro meticulously records L.B.J.'s attempts to gain
- desk jobs in Washington and his junkets up and down the West
- Coast inspecting Naval facilities. Finally, facing political
- humiliation, he flew to the Pacific, went along as an observer
- on a bombing run in New Guinea, spent a few minutes under enemy
- fire, and returned at once to the U.S. For this he was awarded
- the Silver Star.
-
- Caro deflates for good the legend Johnson puffed up of
- himself as a war hero. Equally damaging are the author's
- investigations into the source of what would become L.B.J.'s
- fortune. Johnson always insisted that the purchase of Austin
- radio station KTBC and the lucrative empire it spawned were
- solely due to the good business sense of his wife Lady Bird.
- That, Caro proves, was not the story. Congressman Johnson
- pulled strings, twisted regulatory arms to obtain a better
- broadcast frequency and more power, and involved himself with
- all aspects of the business, including pressuring advertisers
- and hiring announcers.
-
- But the most riveting and explosive portion of this book
- deals with Johnson's 1948 campaign for the Senate. The favorite
- was Coke Stevenson, "by far the most popular Governor in the
- history of Texas, a public official, moreover, who had risen
- above politics to become a legend." As if beating "Mr. Texas"
- was not burden enough, L.B.J. developed a kidney stone. Daily
- he made speeches and shook hands and then collapsed in a car
- in agony. Eventually the stone was removed, and he was off
- again, against the advice of doctors. The suffering paid off:
- in the primary runoff, it was Stevenson vs. Johnson.
-
- Caro's treatment of this battle achieves poetic intensity.
- Stevenson ran the way he always had, driving into small towns,
- talking and listening to those who happened to gather. Johnson
- ran for his life, leapfrogging about in a helicopter (the
- "Flying Windmill"), blanketing the state with radio ads around
- the clock and throwing money everywhere. Despite all these
- frenzied efforts, initial returns showed Stevenson the winner.
- But L.B.J.'s campaign had not ended. Caro demonstrates how the
- Johnson organization, with the knowledge of the candidate,
- proceeded to steal the election. Late reports from southern
- counties in L.B.J.'s pocket continued to filter in, giving
- Johnson near unanimous tallies. Days later the disputed result
- was complete. Out of 988,295 votes cast, Johnson had won by 87.
-
- Thus was born the nickname -- Landslide Lyndon -- that even
- Johnson relished when he returned to Washington as a Senator.
- Surely such a tarnished human -- this Shakespearean assemblage
- of grand ideals, ambitions and flaws -- could not continue to
- thrive in the open air of democracy? That question must wait
- until Robert Caro tells what happened next.
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